Action:
Urge the President (202/456-1414) and your members of Congress (202/224-3121) to step back from the brink of war; and to work with other nations and the UN to pursue alternatives to address Iraq's threats.

The Issue:
Both the Senate and the House of Representatives are expected to debate resolutions authorizing the use of military force against Iraq as early s the week of September 30. President Bush sent Congress an expansively worded draft resolution that would authorize him to use all means that he determines to be appropriate, including force, in order to enforce United Nations Security Council Resolutions, defend the national security interests of the United States against the threat posed by Iraq, and restore international peace and security in the region. House and Senate leadership are currently negotiating with the Administration to develop compromise language that would authorize the use of force against Iraq. Negotiations could be completed in days and debate could then begin.

USCCB Response:
In a September 13th letter (www.usccb.org/sdwp) to President Bush, Bishop Wilton D. Gregory, President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) said: "We conclude, based on the facts that are known to us, that a preemptive, unilateral use of force (to overthrow the government of Iraq is difficult to justify at this time." Bishop Gregory welcomed, however, the President's efforts to focus the world's attention on the need to address Iraq's repression and pursuit of weapons of mass destruction in defiance of the United Nations.

Rational:
The United States and the international community have two grave moral obligations: to protect the common good against Iraqi threats to peace and to do so in a way that conforms to traditional moral norms. The USCCB fears that resort to force, under these circumstances, would not meet the strict conditions necessary to override the strong presumption against the use of military force.

• The Iraqi threat. One should have no illusions about the behavior or intentions of the Iraqi government. The international community must mobilize to ensure that the Iraqi leadership ceases its internal repression, ends it threats to its neighbors, stops any support for terrorism, abandons its efforts to develop weapons of mass destruction, and complies with UN resolutions.
• Just cause. Reflecting widely accepted moral and legal restraints, Catholic teaching limits just cause for military attack to cases in which "the damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations [is] lasting, grave and certain" (Catechism of the Catholic Church #2309). Therefore, the Bishops "find it difficult to justify extending the war on terrorism to Iraq, absent clear and adequate evidence of Iraqi involvement in the attacks of September 11th or of an imminent attack of a grave nature."
  
• Legitimate authority. Moral credibility also depends on whether there is legitimate authority for using force. Decisions of such gravity require compliance with U.S. constitutional imperatives, broad consensus within our nation, and some form of international sanction, preferably by the UN Security Council.
  
• Probability of success and proportionality. The use of force must have "serious prospects for success" and "must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated" (Catechism #2309). War against Iraq could provoke the very attacks it is meant to prevent and could have unpredictable consequences not only for Iraq, but also for peace and stability elsewhere in the Middle East.
  
• Norms governing the conduct of war. The use of massive military force to remove the current government of Iraq could have incalculable effects on a civilian population that has suffered so much war, repression, and a debilitating embargo.
  
• Alternatives to war. There are no easy answers to the threat posed by the Iraqi government, but we must actively pursue alternatives to war, including:
  
• Continued diplomatic efforts aimed, in part, at resuming rigorous, meaningful inspections;
  
• Effective enforcement of the military embargo, and other legitimate ways to contain and deter aggressive Iraqi actions.
  
• Maintenance of political sanctions and much more carefully focused economic sanctions that do not threaten the lives of innocent Iraqis;
  
• Non-military support for Iraqis who offer democratic alternatives.
  

Action Requested:
Urge the President (202/456-1414) and your members of Congress (Capitol switchboard 202/224-3121) to step back from the brink of war and to work with other nations and the UN to pursue alternatives to address Iraq's threats.